Relative Clauses မ်ားအေၾကာင္းသိေကာင္းစရာ - Non-Defining Relative Clauses

• Non-defining relative clauses က သူရည္ညႊန္းလိုက္တဲ့ Noun ကုိအဓိပၸာယ္သတ္မွတ္ေပးတာမ်ဳိး မဟုတ္ဘဲ ၄င္း Noun နဲ႔ပတ္သက္ျပီး အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကုိ ပုိမုိျပည့္စုံေအာ္ျဖည့္ဆည္းေပးတာမ်ဳိးပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
• Defining Relative Clauses အေၾကာင္းေလ့လာခ်င္ပါက ဒီလင့္မွာ ဝင္ေရာက္ဖတ္ရႈႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ 

• Noun နဲ႔ Relative clause ကုိ ဆက္စပ္ရန္ Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that) မ်ားကုိ သိထားရမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

• Non-defining relative clauses ကုိ Spoken English မွာ သုံးေလ့သုံးထမရွိဘဲ Written English မွာပဲ အဓိက အသုံးျပဳၾကပါတယ္။

• -      We visited Maha Bandula Park, which is close to Sule Pagoda.

• (which is close to Sule Pagoda) က Non-defining relative clause ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

မဟာဗႏၶဳလပန္းျခံဟာ ရန္ကုန္ျမိဳ႕မွာ တစ္ခုတည္း ရွိတဲ့အတြက္ေၾကာင့္ ၄င္းပန္းျခံကုိ အမ်ဳိးအမည္ခဲြျခားသတ္မွတ္တာမ်ဳိး၊ အဓိပၸာယ္သတ္မွတ္တာမ်ဳိးလုပ္ဖုိ႔ မလိုအပ္ေတာ့ပါ။

Punctuation Rule

• Non-defining relative clauses မွာ အဓိကအားျဖင့္ Punctuation Rule က အလြန္အေရးၾကီးပါတယ္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္ Non-defining relative clauses ကုိ Written English မွာ သုံးရာတြင္ “comma(,)” ကုိအသုံးျပဳၾကပါတယ္။

• -      We visited Maha Bandula Park, which is close to Sule Pagoda. (comma သုံးထားသည္ကုိ သတိထားၾကည့္ပါ)

• -      Maha Bandula Park, which is close to Sule Pagoda, is always opened. (comma သုံးထားသည္ကုိ သတိထားၾကည့္ပါ)

Relative Pronouns (1) – who/ whom

•  Defining Relative Clauses မွာလိုပဲ Who ကုိ subject pronoun or object pronoun အျဖစ္အသုံးျပဳႏုိင္ျပီး လူပုဂၢဳိလ္ အတြက္ပဲသုံးပါတယ္။ ေအာက္မွာဥပမာေရးျပထားပါတယ္။

• -      Mr Smith, who works with me, has invited me to a party. (Subject Pronoun)

• -      Mr Smith, who I like, has invited me to a party. (Object Pronoun)

“Whom” ကုိလည္း လူပုဂၢဳိလ္အတြက္ပဲ အသုံးျပဳျပီး Object pronoun အတြက္သာ သီးသန္႔သုံးပါတယ္။

-      Mr Smith, whom I like, has invited me to a party.

“Whom” ကုိ Formal English ေတြမွာပဲ အသုံးမ်ားျပီး အခုေနာက္ပုိင္းမွာေတာ့ လူပုဂၢဳိလ္အတြက္ Object Pronoun အေနျဖင့္ “who” ကုိပဲ သုံးၾကပါေတာ့တယ္။

• -      Defining Relative Clauses နဲ႔ မတူတဲ့အခ်က္က “who” နဲ႔ “whom” အစား “that” ကုိ ဘယ္ေတာ့မွ အစားထုိးမသုံးရပါ။

Relative Pronouns (2) – which

• “which” ကုိ အရာဝတၱဳ သုိ႔မဟုတ္ တိရိစာၦမ်ားအတြက္ Subject Pronoun အျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း၊ Object Pronoun အျဖစ္ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း အသုံးျပဳပါတယ္။

• -      He gave me a cake, which was on a write plate. (Subject Pronoun)

• -      He gave me a cake, which I ate immediately. (Object Pronoun)

Non-defining relative Clause မွာ “which” ေနရာတြင္ “that” ကုိ ဘယ္ေတာ့အစားထုိးမသုံးရပါ။

မွတ္ခ်က္။       ။“Non-defining relative clauses မွာ “that” ကုိ ဘယ္ေသာအခါမွ အသုံးမျပဳရပါ။”

• -      Mr Smith, who works with me, has invited me to a party. (correct)

• -      Mr Smith, that works with me, has invited me to a party. (incorrect)

• -      Mr Smith, whom I like, has invited me to a party. (correct)

• -      Mr Smith, that I like, has invited me to a party. (incorrect)

• -      He gave me a cake, which I ate immediately. (correct)

• -      He gave me a cake, that I ate immediately. (incorrect)

(“that” ကုိ Defining Relative Clauses မွာသာအသုံးျပဳပါတယ္။)

Relative Pronouns (4) – whose

• “whose” ကုိ လူပုဂၢိဳလ္ သုိ႔မဟုတ္ အရာဝတၱဳအတြက္ Possessive Pronoun အေနျဖင့္ သုံးပါတယ္။

• -      Mark, whose brother works with me, wants to buy my house.

ဆုိလိုတာက

• -      Mark wants to buy my house.

• -      Mark’s brother works with me.

• Relative Clauses ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးျဖစ္တဲ့ Defining relative clause မွာသာ relative pronoun ေတြကုိ ျဖဳတ္ (omit) ျပီးသုံးတာပါ။ Non-defining relative clause မွာ relative pronoun ေတြကုိ ဘယ္ေသာအခါမွ ျဖဳတ္(omit) ၍ မသုံးရပါ။ ဒါက relative clauses ႏွစ္မ်ဳိးၾကားမွာ ကြဲျပားျခားနားမႈပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

• -      I gave him a bottle of water, which he drank very quickly. (correct)

• -      I gave him a bottle of water, he drank very quickly. (incorrect)

Which ကုိ အထူးအသုံးျပဳပုံ

• အရာဝတၱဳတစ္ခုခုအေၾကာင္း အထူးရည္ညြန္းခ်င္တဲ့အခါမ်ဳိးမွာ “which” ကုိသုံးပါတယ္။

• -      He gave me a cake, which was on a white plate. (cake ကုိ အထူးရည္ညႊန္းတာပါ)

Clause တစ္ခုလုံးကုိ ရည္ညႊန္းခ်င္တဲ့အခါမ်ဳိးမွာလည္း “which” ကုိသုံးပါတယ္။

• -      He forgot to give me the cake, which was very annoying. (comma ရဲ့ေရွ႕က clause တစ္ခုလုံးကုိ ရည္ညႊန္းပါတယ္။)

• -      Mark passed his driving test, which is fantastic. (comma ရဲ့ေရွ႕က clause တစ္ခုလုံးကုိ ရည္ညႊန္းပါတယ္။)

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